<snip>Tom--What type of water were you using when you were seeing this problem more frequently. I don't test much, unfortunately (I know, I know, I really should). I have the equipment, but not the time. Poor excuse. Anyways, my incoming water tends to be around 160 ppm. When I did RO, I mixed about 2/3 RO with 1/3 tap (partly for chemistry, more for temperature - used hot tap to get the overall temperature up). The chemistry of the RO was about 30-40 ppm as I recall, not great, but better than tap. So what's that average, about 80? Sounds high - I had spawns from T. candidi and other soft water fish in this water. I did some work with different pH's, using phosphoric acid to treat. This did not seem to make much of a difference relative to the above problem, and was a pain. I'd like to think that if I did more water chemistry control, I would have better luck, but I've seen enough unexplained things (one pair, one tank, no good - another pair, tank next door, same conditions - no problem) to wonder if there might be something else to all of this. <snip>In one of the major tropical fish magazines, there was an article in their regular Betta column which mentions dropsy in Bettas. The author has been in the hobby a long time and from what I recall of the article, may have been one of the people originating the practice of putting salt into water when raising bettas. I certainly remember seeing various reports, particularly on nijsseni, advocating the use of salt in the soft, low pH base water. This surprised me, but I have seen it several times. I have seen sick pandurini and even nijsseni perk up with a salt hit, but again, by that time they may be well on their way, so it does not have a lasting effect. I have not gone to salt 100% of the time, but it may be interesting to try. I more frequently have another problem with pandurini. I had it twice with batches of wild fish, and thought it was limited to just them. Unfortunately, I just witnessed it in a batch of near-mature F1's, which scares me. They all look fine one day. The next day, some are listless, but NO OTHER outward signs of problems. The next day, they are dead, and more are listless. The dead still have not signs of problems - wounds, bloat, nothing. This disease runs through the entire tank without sparing a fish, and appears quite virulent. I really need to save some of the afflicted buggers and send them to a disease specialist. Of course, I hope not to have the chance again! Tom