Cliff wrote: > >The charts are calculated with carbonate buffers because a >H2CO3 -- HCO3 (-) + H+ -- CO3 (2-) + 2H+ >chemical system is what is actually responsible for the pH shift and >buffering provided by CO2 injection. KH provides the same buffering via >Ca(CO3)2 as opposed to CO2, so your charts should be accurate. Just >remember that KH is a measure of ions that bond to carbonate... the >carbonate itself does not make the water hard. > The charts express CO2 concentration (in mg/l or ppm) as a function of pH and KH... Does this mean that pH and KH regulate maximum dissolved CO2 ? I am running in a new 55 gl. tank using peat as part of the substrate, rather than using it as a filter media. Plant growth rates (in combination with clay, pumice - to prevent caking -, and gravel) are absolutely awesome in this substrate. I had to disconnect my yeast-CO2 supply, since pH was reaching 6 and my KH=5 indicated - according to the pH/KH/CO2 table - that CO2 levels should have killed everything in the tank. However, my school of Corydoras melanistus are doing perfectly. I am now at pH=6.5 and KH=5 which, again, according to the table, should mean CO2 levels way above the suggested maximum of 25 mg/l. But the fish don`t show signs of distress. Can I have lower dissolved CO2 levels than the table suggests for the pH/KH values mentioned previously, because of the peat in the substrate ? Peter plasticolor@guate.net