Surely to avoid any build up of substrate bacteria is by carrying out regular gravel cleaning. Yes it is much colder over here (Scotland) and all tanks have heaters unless the fish house is space heated, even then many tanks have individual heaters. Water current is essential to circulate the heat within the tank. When a spawn hatches the wrigglers are moved and cleaned by the mother several times each day before they are free swimming. Some catfish owners wonder why the barbels of their corydoras have disappeared, simple answer - bacteria in the substrate - solution, regular gravel cleaning. Helen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the apistogramma mailing list, apisto@listbox.com. For instructions on how to subscribe or unsubscribe or get help, email apisto-request@listbox.com. Search http://altavista.digital.com for "Apistogramma Mailing List Archives"!