>>I think we'd see a lot of the older literature at least was looking through testosterone-tinted glasses.<< I recall reading somewhere (and I really wish I could remember were) that many cichlid species' spawning behavior is induced by the female. The behavior patterns between spawning and normal territory defense is very similar. When a female approches, the male starts with a standard defense posture, show of fins, shimmy, whatever. For other males and females that are not ready to spawn, their response is either to fight or flight. A female in spawning condition sends a different signal back to the male in a combination of behavior and color patterns. This combination in response than changes the male's attitude and stimulates his spawning behaviour. I truly wish I could remember the source as this is not the first time the subject has come up in conversation or on a list. If this rings a bell with someone who knows the source, please let me know. Thanks. BTW, It's amazing how similar that is to the human species. A little make up and the right shimmy and all the boys start behaving differently <VBG>. Bill Vannerson McHenry, IL http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/william_vannerson ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the apistogramma mailing list, apisto@listbox.com. For instructions on how to subscribe or unsubscribe or get help, email apisto-request@listbox.com. Search http://altavista.digital.com for "Apistogramma Mailing List Archives"!