Eric's explanation is correct. Don's clain that the waste water is the hardness as the original tap water is not true. Otherwise, you could just recylce the stuff back through the RO until 95 % or more of it was purified. In truth if you get 5 gallons of waste per gallon of RO water, then the waste is now 20% harder than before. IN Z-man's case, where the original tap is 175 ppm, and he gets 25 gallons of RO for 145 gallons of waste (1:5), the waste output is around 205-210 ppm, assuming the RO is as pure as with DI, which it isn't quite. If you live in Southern CA, in one of those places where the water rolls out of the tap at 600ppm, then Don's waste is still 1/3 as hard as yours. You will get more waste for every gallon of RO, because the RO unit can only push the dissolved ions against the osmotic pressure in the tap water so far. If you aren't using your waste water, then you are spending more per gallon for purified water than you may have calculated. Add in the cost of the waste water per gallon, and you may discover that a rechargeable De-ionizer is cheaper, or at least around the same price. Bob Dixon ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the apistogramma mailing list, apisto@listbox.com. For instructions on how to subscribe or unsubscribe or get help, email apisto-request@listbox.com. Search http://altavista.digital.com for "Apistogramma Mailing List Archives"!