You second two are correct; it's impossible that the waste water is exactly as hard as the tapwater. UNLESS the R/O unit isn't doing anything, in which case the R/O water is ALSO the same hardness as tapwater. I mean, 170 ppm solids can't still be 170 ppm in less water. It'd be easy to figure out . . . Say you've got tapwater that's 200 ppm dissolved solids (or whatever), and the R/O water comes out at 0 ppm. You have three gallons of waste water for each gallon of R/O produced. That comes to . . . (3 gallons / 4 gallons) * (200 ppm/gallon) ==> 266 ppm "waste" water I didn't understand Z-Man's ratio, since he said, "I have a unit that produces 25 gallons per day with "non-RO" water at 125 gallons ratio for about seven years now." I guess he means 5 gallons of waste for each gallon produced. If the R/O is 0 ppm in his case, and the tapwater is 170 ppm, then we've got . . . (5 gallons / 6 gallons) * (170 ppm/gallon) ==> 142 ppm "waste" water Conversely, if the waste really is 170 ppm/gallon, then his tapwater is . . . (6 gallons / 5 gallons) * (170 ppm/gallon) ==> 204 ppm tapwater Stuart -- Stuart Hall (sturob@swbell.net) (gasdocstu@my-deja.com) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the apistogramma mailing list, apisto@listbox.com. For instructions on how to subscribe or unsubscribe or get help, email apisto-request@listbox.com. Search http://altavista.digital.com for "Apistogramma Mailing List Archives"!