Inbreeding can be just as much of a problem with Apistos as any other animal. Excessive inbreeding can weaken the line and cause deformities, infertility, and just plain weaker/shorter-lived fish. Most breeders will periodically cross in new genetic material, either from someone else's line or from wild stock. This helps to prevent excessive buildups of deleterious mutations and can create opportunities for new phenotypes to pop up. Zack ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the apistogramma mailing list, apisto@listbox.com. For instructions on how to subscribe or unsubscribe or get help, email apisto-request@listbox.com. apisto-digest@listbox.com also available. Web archives at http://lists.thekrib.com/apisto