>I believe that aquarists should do all they can to allow the parents to >raise their fry themselves. I remember reading somewhere that parental >behaviour is in part learned not just instinct, in the future no-one may >have the pleasure of watching a female apisto raise her young. While I agree that it is best to allow the parents to raise the fry themselves, I don't think that removing the parents will lead to a future in which Apisto's don't know how to raise offspring. I don't doubt that parenting is learned to some extent (it is in many species of animals). What learned means however is that the fish have a set of instincts to begin with and that they get better at parenting as they go. I don't think that it means that they must learn how to parent from their parents. Maybe I've missed your point, but I don't see how preventing a particular pair from learning to be better parents will lead to the demise of parenting in apistos. Unparented offspring will still have the instincts for parenting and they will still improve if allowed to. The only way I could see such a scenario occuring is if removing the parents allowed individuals with bad parenting instincts to have more offspring and reduce the percentage of good parents out there. Also, it seems to me (in my ignorance), that a significant percentage of apisto's in the hobby are wild caught. Such a steady influx of wild stock should insure that even if it is true that tank spawned fish must learn to parent, there will still be plenty of able teachers out there to maintain the skills. - ------------------------------------ Dept. of Ecology & Evol. Biology, MS-170 Rice University 135 Anderson Biology Lab 6100 Main Houston, TX. 77005-1892 Ph: (713)527-4919 fax: (713)285-5232 e-mail: henshawm@ruf.rice.edu