>>But I suspect that they are a much more recent evolutionary experience than the Amazonian lake issue.<< Possibly. However, it is possible that the ancestors lived on the "island" when the basin was a sea and that their offspring started to colonize the river basins as the sea receded. There are some distinctions between different types or families of Apistos. These physical differences are often used to catagorize or group them. However, genetic experiments have shown that physical traits are not often a good sign of evolutionary relationships. The example I gave several months ago about how annualism, or diapause, evolved on two separate occasions in SA Rivulus (killifish) is an example when one might group similar fish together that are really not closely related. The fish will adapt and change physically to the environment. The same might be found true with Apistos. Loiselle (spelling) has found that mouth brooding in Lake Malawi cichlids actually evolve on five separate occasions. Nature abhors a vacuum and will fill opportunistic niches. If there's an advantage to physical or behavioral trait in a given environment, the fish, or some other organism, will evolve or adapt. Bill Vannerson http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/william_vannerson ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the apistogramma mailing list, apisto@majordomo.pobox.com. For instructions on how to subscribe or unsubscribe or get help, email apisto-request@majordomo.pobox.com. Search http://altavista.digital.com for "Apistogramma Mailing List Archives"!