It should also be noted that biological filtration (for ammonia) is virtually useless in tanks with pH values below 5.5. The bacteria shut down (possibly die) at the low values we use in black water breeding tanks. ????? Bacteria cause ulcers in the human stomach pH 2.0. The above statement is completely untrue, take a nitrate reading in an old blackwater tank, how did that get their if the bacteria are all dead. The nitrogen cycle at worst becomes non nitrosomonas/nitrobacter dependent. With billions of strains of bacteria you can bet someone is in their doing something! ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the apistogramma mailing list, apisto@majordomo.pobox.com. For instructions on how to subscribe or unsubscribe or get help, email apisto-request@majordomo.pobox.com. Search http://altavista.digital.com for "Apistogramma Mailing List Archives"!